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benefit形容詞范例6篇

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benefit形容詞范文1

關(guān)鍵詞:漢英互譯 詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換 翻譯技巧

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):H315.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào):1672-1578(2012)01-0025-01

語(yǔ)言學(xué)家曾指出:“在一種語(yǔ)言中某些事物可以用動(dòng)詞表示,然而在另外一種語(yǔ)言中居然可以用形容詞、副詞表示”。英漢分屬兩個(gè)不同語(yǔ)系,譯文帶有外國(guó)腔的根本原因在于沒(méi)有掌握詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換及句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換方法。比如英語(yǔ)中多名詞,而漢語(yǔ)中多用動(dòng)詞等,因此,實(shí)際翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)采用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,突破原句格局,使譯文更加通順,更符合目的語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。例如:The earth acts like a big magnet,如果不運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)換法,可能會(huì)譯為:地球象一塊大磁鐵發(fā)生作用。但如果采用詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換,就該譯為:地球的作用象一塊大磁鐵。后者將名詞earth譯為漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞,動(dòng)詞act譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞。兩句譯文孰優(yōu)孰劣,自然明了。當(dāng)然,在翻譯時(shí),并非每句都需要轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)和句子成分,但實(shí)踐證明,在實(shí)際翻譯中多數(shù)情況下還是需要進(jìn)行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換的。

1 漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與英語(yǔ)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

漢語(yǔ)句子的最大特點(diǎn)是通過(guò)大量動(dòng)詞的集結(jié)和動(dòng)詞的頻繁使用,來(lái)表達(dá)一個(gè)思想。往往一個(gè)短句中,集中應(yīng)用了多個(gè)動(dòng)詞;英語(yǔ)則不然,英語(yǔ)中有很多情況都是運(yùn)用抽象名詞,抽象名詞的使用是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的一大特點(diǎn),也是英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的主要區(qū)別之一。因此,在翻譯時(shí),要注意兩種語(yǔ)言的差異。例如:

(1)他們興高采烈地慶祝贏得了比賽的勝利 They are wild with joy in the celebration of their winning the match;

(2)他被解雇了,這讓我們大家都很驚訝 His dismissal was a great surprise to us all;

(3)學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很辛苦的The study of a foreign language is not a cushy job;

(4)他酷愛(ài)漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué) He is an ardent lover of Chinese literature。

同樣,在英譯漢時(shí)也要考慮到兩種語(yǔ)言的具體特點(diǎn),即,英語(yǔ)喜歡用抽象名詞,而漢語(yǔ)則喜歡表達(dá)得比較具體,注意到這一點(diǎn),我們往往在翻譯時(shí),就能做得比較合理。例如下面這些英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)都可以運(yùn)用較為具體的漢語(yǔ)進(jìn)行對(duì)譯:ardent loyalty 赤膽忠心;total exhaustion 筋疲力盡;perfect harmony 水融;feed on fances 畫(huà)餅充饑; with great eagerness 如饑似渴;await with great anxiety 望穿秋水;make a little contribution 添磚加瓦;on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕,等等。

2 漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與英語(yǔ)介詞、副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

英語(yǔ)句子的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是大量使用介詞,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞。介詞在英語(yǔ)詞匯中所占比重很小,但是其使用頻率較高,如應(yīng)用得當(dāng),往往會(huì)起到凝練、傳神的表達(dá)效果。

(1)因?yàn)樯~太多,我理解不了這篇課文 With too many new words in it, the text is beyond me;

(2)比賽結(jié)果是3:1,我們球隊(duì)贏了 The score was 3 to 1 in favor of our team;

(3)我經(jīng)常開(kāi)車(chē)接送妻子上下班 I often drive my wife to and from work.;

(4)經(jīng)仔細(xì)研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)落后了 After careful investigation we found the design behind.

3 漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與英語(yǔ)形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

漢語(yǔ)中的一些表知覺(jué)、欲望、情感、想法等心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,常可轉(zhuǎn)換為英語(yǔ)中的形容詞(多為“be+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu))。例如:

(1)如果我們忽略這個(gè)事實(shí),我們就不可能解決問(wèn)題 If we were ignorant of the fact, it would be impossible for us to solve the problem.;

(2)若接受我方條款,請(qǐng)發(fā)電子郵件方便我方確認(rèn) If you find our terms are acceptable, please email us for our confirmation;

(3)這批貨的實(shí)際重量與發(fā)票重量相差8噸 The actual weight of this consignment is 8 tons less than the invoiced weight;

(4)機(jī)器人一旦超過(guò)我們,就能自行設(shè)計(jì)了 Once the robots exceed us, they will be capable of their own design.

4 漢語(yǔ)形容詞與英語(yǔ)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞常轉(zhuǎn)換為英語(yǔ)的名詞。例如:

(1)獨(dú)立思考在學(xué)習(xí)中是絕對(duì)必要的 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in learning;

(2)他對(duì)這部機(jī)器的操作是陌生的 He is a stranger to the operation of the machine;

(3)海邊既安全又溫暖,將有利于他養(yǎng)病 The security and warmth of the seaside will benefit his recovery;

(4)新的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該使地震頻繁發(fā)生的城市更為安全 The new designs will offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often occur.

5 其它詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換

英漢互譯時(shí),還有很多詞性上的轉(zhuǎn)換,具體情況應(yīng)根據(jù)翻譯的需要以達(dá)到譯文在目的語(yǔ)中的恰當(dāng)與準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。請(qǐng)看下面例句:

(1)他當(dāng)時(shí)并非情愿地當(dāng)了一次翻譯 He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.(副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞);

(2)附近的建筑物大部分是現(xiàn)代化的 The buildings

around are mostly of modern construction(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞);

benefit形容詞范文2

一、掌握各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由動(dòng)詞be加上過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

1.―G308_______________. I must be off now.

―Have a nice trip.

A. is being announced B. has announced C. was announcingD. had been announced

解析根據(jù)“I must be off now”以及句意,表明G308高鐵正在宣布,announce與G308之間表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故答案選A。

2.Nothing but some ancient Chinese coins ______________ in the sunken ship since they began the exploration.

A. were found B. has been found C. had been found D. have been found

解析此句是由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),主句通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),又因?yàn)閒ind和nothing之間構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故答案選B。

二、注意短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分隔的整體,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞。

More attention should be paid_____________ Children’s education if possible.

A. to developingB. to developmentC. to develop D. for developing

解析pay attention to是及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,本句強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞attention,所以應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。to是介詞,后應(yīng)接動(dòng)名詞。故答案選A。

【注意】這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要有:make use of; pay attention to; find fault with; make much of(重視,充分利用; take advantage of; take care of; take note of(注意,留意); take notice of等。

三、“get+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作本身,常表示“狀態(tài)的改變”。

Had it not been for the fact that she______________ in the leg, she might have passed the exam.

A. injures B. had injured C. got injuredD. would have got injured

解析根據(jù)“she might have passed the exam”提示可知事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去,且是事實(shí),所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí);“get+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)常表示“狀態(tài)的改變”。故答案選C。

四、用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1.表示狀態(tài)特征的系動(dòng)詞look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear常接形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ),只能用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義。

The cause he had devoted himself to_____________ a perfect success

A. proving B. proved C. was proved D. has been proved

解析根據(jù)句法,“he had devoted himself to”是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的名詞cause,所以prove應(yīng)在句中用作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;prove是系動(dòng)詞,只能用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義。故答案選B。

2.表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞(如:read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, pack, act, draw, iron, dry, eat , heat , clean等)常與副詞well, smoothly, easily等連用時(shí),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的“性能”和“特點(diǎn)”,應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義。

Mobile phones of this kind_______________ well and ______________ already.

A. sell; sell outB. sell; have been sold out

C. sold; had sold outD. are sold; have been sold out

解析這種手機(jī)很好賣(mài)是說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的性能與特點(diǎn),所以用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義;而句子的主語(yǔ)是Mobile phones,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。正因?yàn)檫@種手機(jī)很好賣(mài),對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果,已經(jīng)賣(mài)完了,所以第二空用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故答案選B。

3.need, want, require, stand, bear, deserve等詞后面常接主動(dòng)的-ing分詞形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

As a result of the serious earthquake, almost all the buildings in the area _____

A. need reconstructing B. needs to reconstruct C. needs reconstructingD. need to reconstruct

解析當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)buildings是動(dòng)作承受者時(shí),need后接動(dòng)詞-ing形式或者后接不定式的被動(dòng)式。主語(yǔ)是almost all the buildings,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案選A。

4.動(dòng)詞不定式在某些作表語(yǔ)的形容詞后,用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞(easy, difficult, hard , comfortable等)的狀語(yǔ),又與句子的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _______.

A. to deal withB. dealing withC. to be dealt withD. dealt with

解析在某些形容詞后常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義,此時(shí),不定式動(dòng)作和句子的主語(yǔ)存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。故答案選A。

5.當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞(easy, difficult, hard等)的狀語(yǔ),又與句子的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

We find the man hard to_______________.

A. to be pleased B. pleasing C. pleased D. please

解析當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞hard的狀語(yǔ),又與句子的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。故答案選D。

6.不定式作名詞或代詞的后置定語(yǔ), 動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義

If there’s a lot of work_____________. I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.

A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing

解析用不定式表示將要做的事情,并且在there be句型中,如果be 后面的sth.要跟上不定式,要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,故答案選A。

7.在be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)中,用-ing分詞形式表示被動(dòng)含義

―What do you think of the song?

―Oh, excellent. It’s well worth______________ a second time.

A. to listen toB. listeningC. listening toD. being listening to

解析be worth后接動(dòng)名詞,并要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,it指代the song,作listen to的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。故答案選C。

8.不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。如:cost, fit, suit, benefit, lack, happen to do sth, lastspread, belong to, break out, run out, go out, shut off, take place, work out, take place, lose heart, consist of。

We find the oil in the car_____________.

A. has been run out B. is run out C. has run out D. being run out

解析run out是不及物動(dòng)詞,所以用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義;表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,所以本句又要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故答案選C。

9.不定式to let, to seek, to blame (應(yīng)受責(zé)備), to decide on用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

The greenhouse effect was partly_____________ for the global warming and the temperature changes are likely to have great effect on the spread of diseases.

A. to blame B. blame C. to be blamed D. blaming

解析“be to blame”表示按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為“應(yīng)受譴責(zé)、應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任”, 用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。故答案選A。

鞏固性練習(xí):從A、B、C、D中選擇最佳答案。

1.The 30th Olympic Games__________ in London from July 27 to August 12, 2012.

A. will be heldB. will be holdingC. are to held D. will hold

2.Many new workers ___trained and in half a year they _to build a new railway.

A. are being; will be sentB. are; will be sendingC. are; will send D. will be; will be sent

3.Not until he called the secretary three times_____________ that the manager went to an important meeting.

A. did he tell B. he toldC. was he toldD. he was told

4.The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) said a system___________to protect people's secrets on line.

A. would be developedB. has been developed C. was developedD. had been developed

5.I _______________ a book on fashion at the moment, and it_______ _______in the book that Europeans started to wear top hats in the early 1800s

A. read; is said B. am reading; is saying C. was reading; was saying D. am reading; says

6.It is reported in the papers that the old coins________________ under the earth for about 200 years by the time they were discovered.

A. had buried B. had been buried C. buried D. were buried

7.New technology_______________ to make sure that the cars, taxis, buses and trains we use______________ the air.

A. is used; not pollute B. has used; is not polluted

C. is being used; do not pollute D. has been used; to pollute

8.With the help of high technology, more than one oil fields_____________ in the last two decades.

A. were discovered B. have discoveredC. have been discoveredD. has been discovered

9.Many negative changes__________ in my home town since the global financial crisis_________.

A. have taken place; broke out B. took place; broke out

C. have been taken place; breaks outD. were taken place; breaks out

10.The fallen tree over there is so tall that I suppose it___________ nearly twenty meters.

benefit形容詞范文3

關(guān)鍵詞: 英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊 新聞 詞匯特點(diǎn)

報(bào)刊新聞是常見(jiàn)的實(shí)用文體之一。它用概括性的敘述方式,簡(jiǎn)明扼要的文字,迅速及時(shí)地報(bào)道國(guó)內(nèi)外具有新聞價(jià)值的新近發(fā)生的事實(shí)。英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞,顧名思義,即以報(bào)刊作為載體形式的英語(yǔ)新聞。隨著不同文化之間的交流日益增多,英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞在人們的交流中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。它們語(yǔ)言鮮活、內(nèi)容新穎、資料豐富、時(shí)代感強(qiáng),兼有“工具性”和“人文性”的特點(diǎn),有很高的語(yǔ)言和文化教學(xué)價(jià)值。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),其一定程度上彌補(bǔ)了英語(yǔ)教科書(shū)內(nèi)容傳統(tǒng)和形式單一的不足。英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞具有很多特點(diǎn),本文將針對(duì)詞匯方面的特點(diǎn)加以詳細(xì)闡述,希望為英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞閱讀者和英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者提供幫助。

1.指代

在英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊中,會(huì)借用各國(guó)首都等地名、著名建筑物名稱(chēng)及政府首腦姓名,替代該國(guó)或其政府及機(jī)構(gòu);有時(shí)借用物名來(lái)表示某個(gè)意思,使新聞報(bào)道更活潑、更富有色彩,這是新聞的獨(dú)創(chuàng)。例如:

(1)And while all the noise coming from“hawks”and“doves”could give you a case of Fed fatigue.(CNN Money,April 12,2012).本例中的“hawks”and“doves”即“鷹派”和“鴿派”指代美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)存在的兩種主要?jiǎng)萘Γ罢呒みM(jìn),后者保守。

(2)Labour backs calls to return railway network to public control(guardian.co.uk,June 30,2012).本例中,Labour(勞動(dòng)力)指英國(guó)工黨(Labour Party)。

2.“說(shuō)”詞眾多

在英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞中,除了使用say表示“說(shuō)”外,還有其他詞語(yǔ)。例如:admit,acknowledge,affirm,analyze,announce,argue,assert,claim,imply,insist,maintain,note,caution,stress,urge,warn等。這些詞雖然在表示“說(shuō)”這個(gè)總的概念方面是一致的,但是在語(yǔ)義、情感和文體等方面存在一定的差異。例如:

(1)Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has cautioned that the economy is growing too slowly to maintain recent declines in the unemployment rate.He has warned that hiring is likely to slow(Associated Press,April 12,2012).

(2)She stressed many of Bernanke’s recent points:the job market remains“far from full employment”.Yellen even hinted that if the economy were to take a turn for the worse(CNN Money,April 12,2012).

3.使用新詞

較多使用新詞是英語(yǔ)新聞的一大特點(diǎn)。新詞主要的特征就是新,來(lái)源廣泛,如:Google(使用搜索引擎查詢(xún)、收集信息等),cyber romance(網(wǎng)戀)等新詞。語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯的變化在很大程度上與新聞?wù)Z言的影響有關(guān)。例如:

(1)So would switching from beef and pork,which have a high carbon foot print,to chicken or fish(guardian.co.uk,April 13,2012).近年來(lái),人們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到減少碳排放對(duì)防止全球變暖的重要影響,新詞carbon foot print(碳足跡)隨之產(chǎn)生,用以衡量人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。

(2)But she’s not interested in paying for cellular service,which would probably be costlier than the $12 a month(The Washington Post,April 13,2012).手機(jī),又稱(chēng)蜂窩電話(huà)或移動(dòng)電話(huà),是一種十分普及的通訊方式。電信公司紛紛為用戶(hù)提供移動(dòng)電話(huà)服務(wù),cellular service這一新詞應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,并且已經(jīng)為人們所熟知。新詞的使用分為以下幾種情況:

3.1舊詞生新義

舊詞衍生新義是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯變化的一個(gè)重要方面,是指賦予原本存在的詞語(yǔ)新的詞義,從而滿(mǎn)足日益增長(zhǎng)的表達(dá)需要的一種構(gòu)詞手段。根據(jù)單詞新義與其原義之間的關(guān)系,舊詞生新義有以下幾種情況:詞義擴(kuò)大、詞義縮小、詞義轉(zhuǎn)化、詞義感彩的揚(yáng)升或貶抑[1]。

(1)General Motors pulls funding from climate sceptic thinktank Heartland(guardian.co.uk,March 30,2012).Think(思考)和tank(箱,柜)兩個(gè)詞構(gòu)成新詞――智囊團(tuán),智囊機(jī)構(gòu)或顧問(wèn)班子。

(2)Workers are required to wear clean suits would look like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory(Fortune,March 29,2012)、“Triangle Shirtwaist Factory”是紐約三角內(nèi)衣工廠。1911年3月的火災(zāi),導(dǎo)致146名服裝工人被燒死或因被迫跳樓致死,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)管理人員為了防止一些工人趁換班時(shí)溜出去休息抽煙,將通向樓梯井和出口的門(mén)全部上鎖。這場(chǎng)火災(zāi)敦促了立法――要求改善工廠安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并且促進(jìn)了國(guó)際婦女服裝工人聯(lián)合會(huì)的發(fā)展。在這則新聞中,是指富士康的工廠違法了眾多勞動(dòng)法的規(guī)定,在員工健康和安全等方面存在眾多隱患。

3.2新事生新詞

(1)Meredith Alexander quit as a commissioner of the London 2012 sustainability watchdog to launch the Greenwash Gold campaign(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).漂綠(Greenwash),由“綠色”(green,象征環(huán)保)和“漂白”(whitewash)合成的一個(gè)新詞,指一家企業(yè)宣稱(chēng)保護(hù)環(huán)境,實(shí)際上卻反其道而行,是一種虛假的環(huán)保宣傳。

(2)Earth Hour-climate change campaigners urge global switch-off(guardian.co.uk,March 26,2012).Earth(地球)和hour(小時(shí))兩個(gè)詞――“地球1小時(shí)”,是世界自然基金會(huì)在2007年向全球發(fā)出的一項(xiàng)倡議:在每年3月份的最后一個(gè)星期六熄燈1小時(shí),支持全球共同抵御氣候變暖行動(dòng)。

3.3舊詞生新詞

舊詞生新詞通常帶有某些前綴,如:anti-(反對(duì)、阻止),cyber-(網(wǎng)絡(luò)的),geo-(地球的、全球的),hyper-(超出、過(guò)度),pro(親、贊成)等,或者帶有某些后綴,如:-free(無(wú)……的、免除……的),-ologist(……學(xué)者、學(xué)家)等。例如:

Albanese said:We have rigorous standards for air quality,ecosystems,biodiversity,climate change,the use of energy,land and water and waste disposal(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).“biodiversity”與“biological diversity”的意思是互通的,開(kāi)始該詞泛指地球上所有動(dòng)物、植物、真菌及微生物之物等。該詞于1986年首次出現(xiàn),將“biological diversity”這一詞縮寫(xiě)成一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的名詞。

4.模糊詞的使用

外延難以明確界定的詞或詞組通常被稱(chēng)為模糊詞(fuzzy terms)。為了使報(bào)道遵循真實(shí)、客觀快捷的原則,為了省時(shí)或避免報(bào)道數(shù)字的不確切,就需要使用模糊語(yǔ)中的約數(shù)詞、模糊量詞等報(bào)道有關(guān)新聞事件的程度[2]。例如:

(1)After steadily declining since last fall,applications have leveled off in recent weeks.The four-week average is essentially unchanged over the past two months(Associated Press,April 12,2012).

(2)New research from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shows that Americans 60 and older still owe about $36 billion in student loans,providing a rare window into the dynamics of student debt.More than 10 percent of those loans are delinquent(The Washington Post,March 30,2012).

5.使用形象化詞語(yǔ)

在報(bào)刊新聞中,為使主要事實(shí)更醒目,恰到好處地使用動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞,能增強(qiáng)報(bào)道的新鮮感、現(xiàn)實(shí)感和直接感。例如:

(1)In Sweden’s second-largest city,Goteborg, the main boulevard was bathed in an hour’s darkness.(動(dòng)詞)(The Associated Press,April 1,2012).“bathe”一詞意為suffuse with or as if with light,借助該動(dòng)詞形容林蔭大道陷入一小時(shí)黑暗的情景,既形象立體化,又含義深刻。

(2)The Labor Department said Thursday that weekly unemployment benefit applications jumped 13,000 to a seasonally adjusted 380,000(Associated Press,April 12,2012).Jump一詞意為increase suddenly and significantly,借助該動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明美國(guó)申領(lǐng)失業(yè)救濟(jì)的人數(shù)猛增,使新聞報(bào)道更加生動(dòng)。

(3)Unemployment rose in most of the member states,although the increase was muted in the north,and the number of jobless people actually fell in Germany.In the struggling southern states,it shot up(形容詞)(guardian.co.uk,April 2,2012).Struggling一詞意為engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity,借助該形容詞說(shuō)明美國(guó)申領(lǐng)失業(yè)救濟(jì)的人數(shù)猛增,使新聞報(bào)道更加生動(dòng)。

以上只是從詞匯角度論述了英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞的特點(diǎn),了解這些特點(diǎn)對(duì)于閱讀和理解英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞會(huì)起到一定的輔助作用。要想真正克服理解上的困難,還需要了解英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞的語(yǔ)法和篇章特點(diǎn),以及標(biāo)題和導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。同時(shí),由于新聞內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面,還需不斷擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面。因此,在英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞的教學(xué)中,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生拓寬視野,豐富背景知識(shí),同時(shí)關(guān)注英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞的詞匯、語(yǔ)法和篇章特點(diǎn),這樣才能真正理解英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊新聞,真正提高英語(yǔ)閱讀能力和綜合應(yīng)用能力。

參考文獻(xiàn):

benefit形容詞范文4

[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis

【摘 要】 廣告業(yè)被認(rèn)為是一條通過(guò)耗盡人類(lèi)智慧賺取錢(qián)財(cái)?shù)目茖W(xué)之道。很明顯,廣告在今天的商業(yè)世界已發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。廣告語(yǔ)言能否具有誘惑力和說(shuō)服力已成為關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。因此對(duì)英語(yǔ)廣告語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)、全面地研究,可以提高對(duì)廣告的理解,構(gòu)想出成功的英語(yǔ)廣告。論文在簡(jiǎn)短地對(duì)廣告,廣告語(yǔ)言,模糊性和模糊理論進(jìn)行介紹之后,主要對(duì)以下兩種模糊實(shí)現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行分析。一、語(yǔ)義模糊。這一類(lèi)廣告通過(guò)使用模糊限制詞、模糊數(shù)量詞、模糊動(dòng)詞、修飾性形容詞以及符號(hào)和縮略語(yǔ)等具備模糊性的語(yǔ)言來(lái)突破日常行為的規(guī)范,使詞語(yǔ)在表達(dá)字面意義的同時(shí)又暗示其多重含義,形成詞語(yǔ)含義的未定性,激發(fā)了讀者的聯(lián)想和想象,吸引他們的注意并提起他們的興趣,從而對(duì)廣告本身的說(shuō)服力起增強(qiáng)作用。二、修辭格(雙關(guān)、暗喻、委婉語(yǔ))的使用,使廣告語(yǔ)言更具生動(dòng),引發(fā)讀者無(wú)限的想象和聯(lián)想。最后結(jié)論部分中,論文對(duì)主要概念和內(nèi)容做出了總結(jié),提出了全文的局限性。

【關(guān)鍵字】 廣告英語(yǔ);模糊性;語(yǔ)義和修辭分析

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.

In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.

Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.

2. General ideas of advertising and its language

What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.

2.1 The definition and development of advertising

In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:

Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]

It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.

First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than individuals.

Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)

Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.

Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.

Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:

There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]

Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.

2.2 Features of advertising language

Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]

In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.

Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.

(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)

(2) Let the New York Times find you.

benefit形容詞范文5

[關(guān)鍵詞]“自然現(xiàn)象法” “二分法” “數(shù)字法” a部 e部 i部 o部 l(u)部

一、巧記前綴

1.利用自然現(xiàn)象記前綴

1)空(aero-) 例如: areoplane , aerobat , aerobatic , aerobody

2)日(helio-) heliocentric , heliogram , helioscope

3) 月(lun-) lunar , Luna , luarian , lunary

4)星(astro-) astrophysics , astronaut , astrophere

5) 云(nepho-) nephrology , nephogram , nephometer , nephoscope

6) 雨(hyet-) hyetal , hyetogram ,hyetology , hyetometer

7) 水(hydr-) hydra , hydrability , hydrant ,hydrator

8) 土(geo-) geocentric , geopolitical , geobiology , geocenter

9) 生命(bio-) biophysics , bioactive , biobalonce , biobattery

10)生態(tài)(eco-) ecosystem , ecology , ecocide , ecoclimate

2.利用二分法巧記前綴

1)內(nèi)(intro/intra/in-) income , introspect ,introvert , intraoffice ,intravenous

外(out/ex/a/extra-) outlaw , example, exceed , avoid , extraordinary

2)大(macro/mega/max-) macroanalysis , macroeconomics , megadose , maximize

小(micra/mini-) microanalysis , microeconomics , microscope , minimize

3)多(multi/poly-) multichannel , multicolor , polycentric , polyphony

少(單)(mono-) monocycle , monologue , monosyllable , monorail

4)好(bene-) benefactor , benefit , benediction , beneficent

壞(mal-) maladjustment , maladministration , maltreat

5)上(super/up-) superhigh , superman , upend , upland , upright

下(under/sub-) underdeveloped , underestimate , subconscious ,

6)同(homo-) homocentric , homonym , homosexual , homophone

異(hetero-) heterodox , heterosugar , heterotype ,heterosexual

7)共同(syn-) synchronism , syndicate , synonym , synecology

反對(duì)(anti-) anti-communist , antipathy , antartic , antonym

8)高(hyper-) hyperactive , hypercriticism , hyperinflation

低(hypo-) hypocrisy , hypotension , hypothesis , hypodermic

9) 整體(pan-) Pan-American , Pantheism , Pan-Hellenic , panacea

局部(quaxi-) quasi-contract , quasi-official , quasi-war ,

10)前(pro/pre-) proceed , proclaim , produce , predict , prejudice

后(post/step/with) postgraduate , postpone , stepfather , withdraw

3.利用數(shù)字巧記前綴

4)tri=three,threefold triangle , tricar , trichord

5)quadri/tetra=four quadrennial , quadresyllable , quadruped

6)penta,quinque=five pentachord , pentagon , pentarchy , quinquevalent,

7)sex/hexa=six sexennial , sexpartite(分成六部分的)

8)sept/hepta=seven septangle , septennial, septisyllable

9)octo/octa=eight octagon , October , octosyllable

10)ennea/nona=nine nonagon , ennaton(第九節(jié)) , enneagon

11)deca=ten decade , decagen , decalogue

12)hecto=hundred hectogram , hectometer, hectoliter

13)milli=thousand milligram(毫克) , millititer , millimeter

14)mega=million megabyte(字節(jié)) , megadeath , megawatt

二、巧記單詞后綴

1. a部后綴

1)― able(形,表易做……、能力、適合……的) available ,desirable ,changeable

2)― ade(名,表動(dòng)作過(guò)程、狀態(tài)、結(jié)果) blockade ,cannonade ,escapade

3)― age(名,表集體、地位結(jié)果) marriage ,passage ,shortage , usage

4)― al(形,有……的性質(zhì)) brutal ,mortal ,punctual ,federal

5)― al(名,把動(dòng)詞變成抽象名詞) approval ,arrival ,betrayal ,survival

6)― ain(名,表人) captain ,chaplain ,villain

7)― ant(名,表人) servant ,assistant ,emigrant

8)― aire(名,表人) millionaire , billionaire

9)― an/ian/ean(名,表人) American ,German ,European

10)― ance/ancy(名,表行為、過(guò)程、性質(zhì)狀態(tài)) appearance , attendance

11)― ar(名,人物) beggar ,burglar ,liar ,scholar

12)― ard/art (名,人物) coward ,drunkard ,steward ,braggart

13)― ary (名,從事……的人) functionary ,secretary ,missionary ,

14)― ate (名,人物) advocate ,candidate ,delegate ,pirate

15)― ate (形,具有……的性質(zhì)、有……味道) accurate ,affectionate

a部人物多表示貧窮、低下、游走不定等,含有貶意色彩,例如: beggarburglarcowardservant等,但含有i的后綴例外,例如:millionaire billionaire;a部動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化名詞的后綴,表動(dòng)作的方向、方式、過(guò)程、狀態(tài)、結(jié)果等,例如:marriageapprovalarrivalattendance;a部形容詞表能力,具有……;a部副詞表方向、方式。

2.e部后綴

1)― ee (名,承受者) employee , examinee , devotee , trainee

2) ― eer(名,動(dòng)作發(fā)出者) engineer , pioneer , engineer , volunteer

3) ― er(名,形、動(dòng)) baker , customer , leader , gardener , wander

4) ― en(名,表人物) citizen , warden , heathen

5) ― en(形,同……有關(guān)) brazen , earthen , golden , wooden

6) ― en(動(dòng),使……) darken , fasten , sharpen , redden , threaten

7) ― ent(名,形) president , student , resident , oppoent , fluent

8) ― herd(名,表人) cowherd , shepherd

9) ― ese(名、形, 表人物) Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese ,Congolese

10) ― ess(名,表女性) actress , hostess , empres,eagless , lioness

11) ― ster(名,表人) gamester , gangster , trickster , minister

12) ― eur(名,表人) amateur, litterateur, restauranteur, farceur

13) ― ier(名,表人) financier , premier , cashier , soldier

14) ― ety(名,表狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)) variety , propriety , sobriety

15) ― ery(名,表職業(yè)、場(chǎng)所) bakery , gallery , cookery , fishery

16) ― ence(名,表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)) difference , excellence , absence

17) ― ency(名,表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)) persistency , efficiency , fluency

18) ― el(名,表小) model , cupel , damsel , parcel

19) ― en(名,表小) chicken , maiden ,kitten , children , oxen

20) ― et(名,表小) islet , cabinet , circlet ,lionet

21) ― ette(名,表小、模仿) cigarette, novelette,gazette , kitchenette

22) ― ed(形,具有、充滿(mǎn)) aged , landed ,colored, beared,cultured

e部人物所從事的職業(yè)明確(一般表世俗,普通的職業(yè))如:baker, warden ,cowherd restauranteur ;ster ,herd等結(jié)尾的名詞含有貶意色彩,例如:gangster ;ier等結(jié)尾的名詞含有褒意的色彩,例如premier financier等。

3.i部

1)― ia(名,表人事物) hysteria , militia , Australia , regalia ,insomnia

2)― iac (形、名,表有……特性的、有……病的) cardiac , insomniac

3)― ial (形、名,表有關(guān)……、有……性質(zhì)) aerial , cordial ,facial

4) ― ian (形、名,表人物) Christian , Egyptian , Italian , musician

5) ― ible (形,可……的、能……的) edible , terrible , divisible ,horrible

6) ― ic (形、名,表與……有關(guān)的,……的) academic , atomic ,physic

7) ― ics (名,表學(xué)術(shù)) aerobatics , classics , ethics , physics

8) ― ical (形,表有關(guān)、……性的) chemical , musical , physical , surgical

9) ― ice (抽象名詞) avarice , justice , service , cowardice

10) ― id (形、名,有……性質(zhì)的) acid , placid , rapid , solid , timid

11) ― ie (名,表小) birdie , bookie , cutie , auntie , doggie

12) ― ier (名,表專(zhuān)做某種工作的人) cashier , clothier , premier , soldier

13) ― ile (形,易……的,可……的) extensile , fertile , fragile , hostile

14) ― ine (形,名詞后綴) divine , riverine , doctrine , medicine , routine

15) ― ing (形,名詞) learning , teaching , sleeping , interesting

16) ― ion (名,表過(guò)程、狀態(tài)、結(jié)果) addition , civilization , protection

17) ― ior (形,表比較級(jí)) inferior , junior , senior , superior

18) ― ious (形,充滿(mǎn)……的) delicious , precious , religious , glorious

19) ― ise (名、動(dòng)) treatise , practise

20) ― ish (形,如……的、似……的) bookish , childish , feverish , selfish

21) ― ism(名,表學(xué)說(shuō)、主義、特性) communism , heroism , optimism

22) ― ist (名,表專(zhuān)業(yè)、專(zhuān)門(mén)人) pianist , geologist , tourist , moralist

23) ― ite (名,居民、后代、成員) Israelite , laborite , Darwinite

24) ― ium (名,表元素、地點(diǎn)等) aluminum , barium , magnesium

25) ― ive (形,名) captive , native , operative , exclusive , exhaustive

26) ― itude(名,表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)) altitude , apitude , fortitude , multitude

27) ― ity (名, 性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、程序) fixity , futurity , hospitality , hilarity

28) ― ize (動(dòng),使成……狀態(tài)、使……化) civilize , dramatize , generalize

29) ― in (名,表小) elfin , violin

30) ― ship (名,表身份、關(guān)系) friendship , hardship , leadership

i部后綴、多與科技、醫(yī)學(xué)、學(xué)說(shuō)、主義等有關(guān),比較專(zhuān)業(yè)化。

4.O 部

1)― o(名,表人事物) tornado , credo , stereo , studio

2) ― ock (名,表小) bullock , hillock , paddlock

3) ― on (名,表人物) champion , companion , matron , patron

4) ― oon (名,表增大或增強(qiáng)) cartoon , lampoon , balloon , saloon

5) ― or (名,表人物) ambassador, governor, inspector, professor

6) ― ory (名,表地方) dormitory , factory, laboratory, territory

7) ― ory (形,帶有……的性質(zhì)) compulsory , contradictory, preparatory

8) ― ose (形,多……的、有……的) verbose , fructose, bellicose

9) ― our (抽象或集體名詞) favour , humour, odour, savour

10) ― ous (形,充滿(mǎn)……的) envious , furious, industrious , perilous

11) ― proof (形,防……的) airproof , bombproof , fireproof , rainproof

12) ― dom (名,地位、職位、領(lǐng)域、性質(zhì)、集團(tuán)) freedom , wisdom

13) ― hood (名,性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、階級(jí)、身份) boyhood , childhood , likelihood

14) ― mony (名,ment的變形) ceremony , harmony , matrimony

15) ― fold (名,倍數(shù)) manifold , twofold , tenfold

16)― most (形,表最高級(jí)) almost , foremost , utmost , foremost

17) ― long (副,表方向) headlong , sidelong

18) ― some (形,有……傾向、易……的) darksome , gladsome , lonesome

o部的職業(yè)、多受人尊敬,例如: ambassor , governor , professor , inspector;o部形容詞一般表有某種受好傾向。

5.l(u)部

1)cle (名,小個(gè)體、個(gè)別) article , icicle , particle

2)el/le (名,小) model , vessel , bottle

3)le.(動(dòng),表反復(fù)) chuckle , sparkle , startcle

4)let (名,小) booklet , bullet , cutlet

5)ling(名,小) darling , duckling , seedling

6)ule(名,小) corpuscle , globule , granule

7)ful.(形,充滿(mǎn)) dreadful , fruitful , regretful

8)less(形,沒(méi)有) aimless , groundless , helpless

9)ly(形,副)costly , friendly , absolutely

l部多表小,有無(wú),有關(guān)等。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]劉毅.英文字根字典[M].外文出版社,1999.1.

[2]張明勤,李恒敏.英語(yǔ)單詞記憶捷徑[M].上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2006.3.

[3]吉恩費(fèi)蘭克,相永.英文字根詞典[M].世界知識(shí)出版社,2005.10.

[4]霍恩比.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典[M].商務(wù)印書(shū)館.牛津大學(xué)出版社,1997.7.

[5]劉毅.英文字根字典[M].外文出版社,1999,1.

[6]邢方亮,孫蓓.十天背會(huì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯[M].中國(guó)科技大學(xué)出版社,2003.

benefit形容詞范文6

關(guān)鍵詞:詞典 語(yǔ)法功能 語(yǔ)境

詞匯是語(yǔ)言體系中結(jié)構(gòu)和意義的統(tǒng)一體,是語(yǔ)言的主要的基本單位。沒(méi)有建筑材料就不能蓋房子,同樣,沒(méi)有詞匯的交際也是不可想象的。我國(guó)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者,尤其是職業(yè)院校英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者,雖然非常重視英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí),但詞匯一直是他們的難項(xiàng)和弱項(xiàng)。

下面筆者根據(jù)理論并結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,主要從如何利用詞典、重視詞的語(yǔ)法功能、在閱讀中學(xué)習(xí)詞匯等方面介紹高職學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的方法:

一.把詞典當(dāng)成走向自主學(xué)習(xí)的通行證

在高職學(xué)習(xí)階段,學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的主要目標(biāo)之一就是在老師的幫助下,形成獨(dú)立的自學(xué)能力。因此,英語(yǔ)詞典就顯得尤其重要。

學(xué)生如果不借助于詞典,培養(yǎng)一定的自學(xué)能力是難以學(xué)好的。那么,我們?nèi)绾稳ビ行У厥褂迷~典學(xué)習(xí)詞匯呢?建議同學(xué)們?cè)诖蜷_(kāi)詞典之前,不妨從以下幾個(gè)步驟著手:

1.思考一下含生詞的句子,在不知道該詞意思的情況下,我們對(duì)該句子還能理解多少?

2.觀察該生詞,它屬于哪種詞性?名詞?動(dòng)詞?亦或是形容詞?

3.考慮一下該詞在句子中那種詞性的可能的涵義。如果是一個(gè)名詞,它也許表示某物?某人?還是某種觀念?是好事還是壞事?

比如,假設(shè)在閱讀中你不認(rèn)識(shí)句子中的reword,“One of the rewords that space travelers receive is the beautiful view of the planet on which we live.”當(dāng)你對(duì)這個(gè)句子思考之后,你會(huì)知道此處reword應(yīng)是一個(gè)名詞。因?yàn)樗诙ü谠~the之后。由此句又得知reword是一個(gè)可接收的事物,而且一定是個(gè)好的事物。因?yàn)檫@里的beautiful view被稱(chēng)作reword。

經(jīng)過(guò)這番思考,你一定猜出個(gè)七不離八了,當(dāng)你這樣對(duì)整個(gè)句子經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真思考后,你也許會(huì)覺(jué)得已經(jīng)沒(méi)有必要再查找這個(gè)生詞了。如果該詞是一個(gè)常用的基本詞匯,那么,在下文中一定還會(huì)出現(xiàn),當(dāng)它再次出現(xiàn)時(shí),你對(duì)其涵義的理解也一定會(huì)越來(lái)越清楚。當(dāng)你還不能確定它的意思,打開(kāi)詞典結(jié)合句子的內(nèi)容和詞典中的例句“He will respect some reword after working so hard.”從眾多詞條中挑選一個(gè),就顯得很容易了。

二.關(guān)注詞典中詞匯的多個(gè)語(yǔ)法功能的現(xiàn)象

有意識(shí)地注意到英語(yǔ)詞匯在不同句子中具有不同的語(yǔ)法功能,同樣有助于擴(kuò)大我們的詞匯量。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子:hand,它不僅可以當(dāng)名詞來(lái)使用,如:left hand,right hand 還可以用作動(dòng)詞:Please hand me your notebook。在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)上稱(chēng)之為“功能切換(functional shift)”因此,我們應(yīng)該留意英語(yǔ)的這一特征。通常用作名詞的詞,有時(shí)也用作動(dòng)詞,如:hand,face.再如:“This is one of the benefits which result from space travel.”顯然,幾個(gè)黑體字benefits, space, travel在這里是名詞,在其它語(yǔ)境中它們也可用作動(dòng)詞:“to benefit from something, to space words on a page, to travel somewhere ”而例句中的result在這里是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,但在其它語(yǔ)境中通常當(dāng)名詞來(lái)使用。因此,我們應(yīng)經(jīng)常思考這樣的問(wèn)題,哪些詞匯在這里是名詞,在不改變?cè)~形的情況下,在別的語(yǔ)境中又當(dāng)作動(dòng)詞來(lái)使用?例如:“That’s my hope.”和“I hope so.”

當(dāng)然,英語(yǔ)也象其它語(yǔ)言一樣,具有詞尾的變化,不同的詞尾標(biāo)志著不同的語(yǔ)法功能。學(xué)過(guò)了allow, accept, appear,就應(yīng)該了解allowance,acceptance,appearance, 等后綴為-ance的相應(yīng)的名詞,以后有機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)再總結(jié)象:encourage, enjoy, announce,與 encouragement, enjoyment, announcement;connect, inspect,combine, repeat 與connection,inspection,combination,repetition后綴為-ment,-tion之間的關(guān)系。這樣做無(wú)疑會(huì)擴(kuò)大我們的詞匯量。

三.借助詞典在閱讀中根據(jù)語(yǔ)境學(xué)習(xí)詞匯

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